In some civil law countries, enforcement can be affected by using an execution or enforcement title: an official document, usually issued by the court, which lacks the status of a final judgment but can be used for enforcement purposes. In Italy, the enforcement judge or a special judicial officer, the ‘ufficiale giudiziario,’ are responsible for enforcement proceedings. These proceedings commence when the judgment creditor receives the enforcement title. There are different types of enforcement titles in Italy; some are court judgments or arbitral awards, while others are special documents drafted by public notaries.