Argentina
Aparicio, Julio, and Roberto P. Ortenzi. "Prison policy, prison regime and prisoners’ rights in Argentina." International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation, June 28, 2008.
Bouley, Eugene. “The Federal Penitentiary Service of Argentina.” International Criminal Justice Review 5 (1995): 45-61. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/federal-penitentiary-service-argentina
Chizik, Natali D. “The Implementation Of Trial By Jury In Argentina: The Analysis Of A Legal Transplant As A Method Of Reform.” Masters Thesis at University of British Columbia, (2020): https://commons.allard.ubc.ca/theses/551/
Gagne, David. “Argentina to Expand Drug Treatment Program for Minor Crimes Nationwide,” Insight Crime, May 29, 2017. https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/argentina-expands-drug-treatment-program-minor-crimes-nationwide/
General Brief about Argentinian Justice System and the Fiscal Public Ministry, Secretary of Institutional Coordination, Office of the Attorney General, https://www.mpf.gob.ar/Institucional/Funciones/ING.pdf
Hendler, Edmundo. "Lay Participation in Argentina: Old History, Recent Experience." Southwestern Journal of International Law 15, no. 1 (2008): 1-30
International prison Observatory – Argentinean Section. “The penitentiary system,” Prison Insider, 2015. https://www.prison-insider.com/countryprofile/prisons-arg-en?s=le-systeme-penitentiaire#le-systeme-penitentiaire
Ministerio de Justicia Y Derechos Humanos. October 18, 2018. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/resoluci%C3%B3n-899-2018-315401/texto
Rodriguez-Ferrand, Graciela. “Argentina: New Restrictions on Early Release and Other Former Dispensations Accorded Violent Criminals.” Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor. August 8, 2017. Web Page. https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2017-08-09/argentina-new-restrictions-on-early-release-and-other-former-dispensations-accorded-violent-criminals/
Scherr, Caitlyn. “Chasing Democracy: The Development and Acceptance of Jury Trials in Argentina,” University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 47, (2016): pp 316-353. https://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr/vol47/iss2/8/
Sistema Nacional de Estadística sobre Ejecución de la Pena, Dirección Nacional de Política Criminal en materia de Justicia y Legislación Penal, 2019. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/informe_sneep_argentina_2019.pdf
Sozzo, Maximo. “Democratization, politics and punishment in Argentina.” Punishment & Society 18, no. 3 (2016): pp. 301-324. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1462474516645689
United Nations Human Rights Committee, Universal Periodic Review (5th Cycle), Alternative Report by the Argentine Federal Republic Defender’s Office.
Victim Participation in Criminal Law Proceedings: Survey of Domestic Practice for Application to International Crimes Prosecutions, Redress and Institute for Security Studies, September 2015. https://www.refworld.org/docid/55eea72e4.html
Egypt
2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Egypt, Bureau of Democracy, Human rights and Labor. United States Department of State. March 30, 2021. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/egypt/
Omar, Yasmin, and Mal El-Sadany. “Probation as Compounded Punishment in Egypt,” The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, April 10, 2019. https://timep.org/commentary/analysis/probation-as-compounded-punishment-in-egypt/
Press briefing note on Egypt, United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. April 30, 2020. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25772&LangID=E
Sadiq Reza, Egypt in Criminal Procedure: A Worldwide Study. (2007) CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: A WORLDWIDE STUDY (2007).
"Waiting for you; 78 prisoners, including 35 built after the January Revolution: On the difficult conditions of prisoners in Egypt." Arab Network for Human Rights Information. April 11, 2021. https://www.anhri.info/?p=23376&lang=en
France
Hodgson, Jacqueline, and Laurene Soubise. “Understanding the Sentencing Process in France.” Crime and Justice 45, no. 1 (April 2020): pp. 221 – 265. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2980338
Guilbaud, Fabrice. “La privitisation des prisons: entre marché et dogme sécuritaire.” Prisons Sous Tensions, 2011. https://www.academia.edu/10863519/La_Privatisation_des_prisons_entre_march%C3%A9_et_dogme_s%C3%A9curitaire
Japan
“An overview of the criminal law system in Japan, Government of Canada,” Government of Canada. Updated April 16, 2024. https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/advisories/japan/criminal-law-system
Correctional Institutes in Japan, Correction Bureau Ministry of Justice, 1973, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Photocopy/18083NCJRS.pdf
Criminal Justice in Japan: Structure and Organization of the Criminal Justice Administration, United Nations Asia and Far East Institute, 2014. https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/CJSJ_2014/03chapter1.pdf
Herber, Erik D. “Japanese Sentencing Practices: Creating an Opportunity for “Formal” Paternalism.” International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory 2, no. 2 (2009): pp. 303-313. https://ijcst.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/ijcst/article/view/23406
Johnson, David T. “Crime and Punishment in Contemporary Japan,” Crime & Justice 36, (2007). https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/592808
Miyazawa, Setsuo. “Citizen Participation in Criminal Trials in Japan: The Saiban-in System and Victim Participation in Japan in International Perspectives.” International Journal of Law, Crime, and Justice 42, (2014): 71-82. https://repository.uclawsf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2215&context=faculty_scholarship
Silva, Jason R. Corrections in Japan in The Encyclopedia of Corrections. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2017. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118845387
Shiroshita, Yuji. “Current Trends and Issues in Japanese Sentencing.” Federal Sentencing Reporter 22, no. 4 (April 2010): pp. 242 – 248. https://doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2010.22.4.243
Soldwedel, Arne F. “Testing Japan’s Convictions: The Lay Judge System and the Rights of Criminal Defendants.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 41, no. 5 (2008): pp. 1417 – 1473. https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1436&context=vjtl
“Where is Japan located?” Country Reports, https://www.countryreports.org/country/Japan/criminalpenalties.htm
Jordan
Hassan Muhammad Al-Jokhadar, “The Release of Good Conduct in Jordanian Legislation and Al-Warrikat”, Al Balqa Journal for Research and Studies 18, (2015): pp. 151 – 210.
Jordan Rules of Penal Trials Code (1961), https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/0/19111d4d64619686c12573d300543129/$FILE/Jordan%20-%20Code%20of%20Criminal%20Procedure.pdf
Mohannad Walid Ismail Al Haddad, “Procedural Actions Affecting Penal Order "Analytical Study in Jordanian Penalties Procedure Law.” Zarqa Journal for Research and Studies in Humanities 18, no. 3 (2019).
Preliminary provisions: Public Prosecution and civil Action, The Criminal Procedures Law (1961), https://atwanlaw.com/library/22.pdf
“Replacing freedom-depriving punishments with community service,” Jafra News, May 23, 2015. https://jfranews.com.jo/article/112096
Structure of the Public Prosecution Office in Jordan, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights. January 7, 2022. https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/93e68f/pdf/
New Zealand
“About the Adult Diversion Scheme.” New Zealand Police, https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/programmes-and-initiatives/adult-diversion-scheme/about-adult-diversion-scheme
Criminal Courts in Community Law Manual Online, Community Law. https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-33-the-criminal-courts/ways-to-stay-out-of-court-diversion-and-restorative-justice/
Gabrielle Maxwell et al., “Achieving The Diversion And Decarceration of Young Offenders in New Zealand,” Social Policy Journal of New Zealand 19, (December 2002). https://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj19/achieving-the-diversion19-pages76-100.html
Going to Court – Sentencing, New Zealand Department of Justice, https://www.justice.govt.nz/courts/going-to-court/without-a-lawyer/representing-yourself-criminal-high-court/sentencing/#:~:text=If%20you%20plead%20guilty%20to,date%20of%20your%20sentencing%20hearing
New Zealand Parole Board, Home page, https://www.corrections.govt.nz/working_with_offenders/prison_sentences/parole_board
Parole Process, New Zealand Parole Board, https://www.paroleboard.govt.nz/about_us/parole_process
Pfander, Sarah Mikva. “Evaluating New Zealand’s restorative promise: the impact of legislative design on the practice of restorative justice.” Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 15, no. 1 (2019): pp. 170 – 185. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2019.1678492
Rani, Rikha Sharma. “New Zealand Tries a Different Kind of Private Prison,” Bloomberg, August 31, 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-31/new-zealand-tries-an-innovative-private-prison
“Sentencing decisions,” Courts of New Zealand, https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/about-the-judiciary/how-decisions-are-made/sentencing/#facts
Snelling, Jeanne, Colin Gavaghan, and John McMillan. “Better and Better and Better? A Legal and Ethical Analysis of Preventive Detention in New Zealand.” Report for New Zealand Law Foundation, University of Otago, November 7, 2014. https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/view/pdfCoverPage?instCode=64OTAGO_INST&filePid=13434017640001891&download=true
“Types of Sentences,” Ara Poutama Aotearoa Department of Corrections, https://www.corrections.govt.nz/working_with_offenders/courts_and_pre-sentencing/types_of_sentences
Victims Rights Act 2002, (N.Z.).
Nordic Countries
Aebi, Marcelo F. and Mélanie M. Tiago. Space I-2020, Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics (2021), http://www.antoniocasella.eu/nume/Aebi_Tiago_8march21.pdf
Dolmen, Lars, and Per-Olof H. Wikstrom. World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems, National Council for Crime Prevention Sweden, https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/wfbcjssw.pdf
Hedstrom, Josefin. “The American and Swedish Criminal Justice System: A Comparative Study.” Master Thesis, East Tennessee State University, (May 2018). https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3397/
Hinkkenen, Ville, and Tapio Lappi-Seppala, “Sentencing Theory, Policy, and Research in the Nordic Countries.” Crime and Justice 40, (August 2011): pp. 349 – 404. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259709554_Sentencing_Theory_Policy_and_Research_in_the_Nordic_Countries
Information On Criminal Proceedings and Defense Rights in Sweden, Fair Trials International. Updated February 2015. https://www.fairtrials.org/app/uploads/2022/01/Criminal-Proceedings-and-Defence-Rights-in-Sweden.pdf
Ortwein, Bernard Michael II. “The Swedish Legal System: An Introduction,” Indiana International and Comparative Law Review 13, no. 2. (2003): pp. 405 – 445. https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/practice/law-reviews/iiclr/pdf/vol13p405.pdf
Zila, Josef. “Sanctioning Powers of the Swedish Public Prosecution Service and Policy,” Scandinavian Studies in Law 54, (September 2009): pp. 397 – 406. https://scandinavianlaw.se/pdf/54-19.pdf
South Africa
Alexander, Christopher. “Indeterminate Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentencing in America.” Southern California Law Review 70, no. 6 (September 1997): pp. 1717 – 1748.
Annual Report 2019/2020, South Africa Department of Correctional Services (2020), https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202012/corectional-services-annual-report-201920.pdf
Ashworth, Andrew, and Julian V. Roberts. “The Evolution of Sentencing Policy and Practice in England and Wales 2003-2015.” Crime & Justice 45, no. 1 (January 2016). https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8d2284ac-1b69-4970-9b79-6fdb165d9cff/files/m1fa5ed089755c3757793d30928c69724
D P Van Der Merwe. “Sentencing in South Africa.” Journal of South African Law, (1992)
Gopoland Makiu, Ina Skosana, and Ruth Hopkins. “Factsheet: The state of South Africa’s prisons,” Africa Check, July 18, 2017. https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/factsheets/factsheet-state-south-africas-prisons
Indefinite imprisonment in South Africa – The difference between life and indefinite imprisonment, Africa Criminal Justice Reform. September 2018. https://www.saferspaces.org.za/resources/entry/indefinite-imprisonment-in-south-africa
Lidovho, GJ. “Parole boards in South Africa: on the road to extinction? A comparative perspective.” Comparative and International Law Journal Southern Africa 36, no. 3 (2003): pp. 365 – 385. https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=275850560
Jameson, Vincent Isaac. Structuring the exercising of sentencing discretion in South African criminal courts. LLD Thesis, North-West University, (2018). https://repository.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/31324/Jameson_VI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
PG du Toit and GM Ferreira. “Reasons for Prosecutorial Decisions.” Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 18, no. 5 (2015). https://scielo.org.za/pdf/pelj/v18n5/09.pdf
Poindexter, Bianca A. “The War on Crime Increases the Time: Sentencing Policies in the United States and South Africa.” Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 22, no. 3 (2000): pp. 375. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1499&context=ilr&httpsredir=1&referer=
“Mandatory Sentences of Imprisonment in Common Law Jurisdictions: Some Representative Models,” Canada Department of Justice, Updated August 17, 2022. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/ccs-ajc/rr05_10/p6.html#a62.
Mujuzi Jamil D. “Unpacking the Law and Practice Relating to Parole in South Africa.” Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 14, no. 5 (January 2011). http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-37812011000500005
Muntingh, Lukas. Alternative Sentencing in South Africa: An Update, in Beyond Retribution – Prospects for Restorative Justice in South Africa, Institute for Security Studies. (2005): pp. 105-119. https://uwcscholar.uwc.ac.za/items/7e2aaaea-d909-451a-881e-1eecd9086950
Sentencing Guidelines. The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, April 2014. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2014504251/2014504251.pdf.
S. S. Terblanche & Julian V. Roberts. “Sentencing in South Africa: Lacking in Principle but Delivering Justice.” South African journal of Criminal Justice 18, (2005). https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/soafcrimj18&id=194&men_tab=srchresults
Steyn, Esther. “Plea-Bargaining in South Africa: Current Concerns and Future Prospects.” South African Journal of Criminal Justice, (2007). https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/1012a971-09ec-43ae-b35e-403732fa82f1/content
Thulani, Derrick, and Sasha Gear. "South Africa." Prison Insider. https://www.prison-insider.com/countryprofile/prisonsinsouthafrica.
Tonry, Michael. “Differences in National Sentencing Systems and the Differences They Make.” Crime & Justice 45, (May 2016). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2853614
“What is Diversion?” Western Cape Government, https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/what-diversion
Wood, Catherine. “Diversion in South Africa – A review of policy and practice, 1990-2003.” Institute for Security Studies. October 1, 2003. https://issafrica.org/research/papers/diversion-in-south-africa-a-review-of-policy-and-practice-1990-2003.
United States
E. Ann Carson. "Prisoners in 2019." Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 2020. https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=7106
Population Statistics, US Federal Bureau of Prisons, https://www.bop.gov/mobile/about/population_statistics.jsp#private_pop_table
Renaud, Jorge. “Grading the parole release systems of all 50 states.” Prison Policy Initiative, February 26, 2019. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/grading_parole.html
State Policies and Legislation, Center for Sentencing Initiatives, https://www.ncsc.org/csi/in-the-states/state-activities/state-policies-and-legislation
Victims’ Pretrial Release Rights and Protections. National Conference of State Legislatures May. 12, 2015. https://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/pretrial-release-victims-rights-and-protections.aspx
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Albrecht, Hans-Jorg, “Sentencing in Germany: Explaining Long-Term Stability in the Structure of Criminal Sanctions and Sentencing.” Law and Contemporary Problems 76, (2013): pp. 211- 236. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol76/iss1/10/
Alejandro Ponce et al., Mexico’s New Criminal Justice System: Substantial Progress and Persistent Challenges, World Justice Project Mexico, June 2018. https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP-NewJusticeSystemMexico_.pdf
B. J. George Jr., Comparative Sentencing Techniques, Federal Probation 23, (1959). 27
Fiedler, Daniel. “Sentencing Guidelines in South Korea: Lessons from the American Experience.” Journal of Korean Law 10, no. 1 (2010): pp. 111 – 141. https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/85175
International Legal Systems – An Introduction, United States Department of Justice, https://www.justice.gov/archives/nsd-ovt/page/file/934636/download
Junger-Tas, Josine. “Sentencing in the Netherlands: Context and Policy.” Federal Sentencing Reporter 7, no. 6 (1995): pp. 293 – 296. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20639820.pdf
Subramanian, Ram and Alison Shames. Sentencing and Prison Practices in Germany and the Netherlands: Implications for the United States. Center on Sentencing and Corrections and Vera Institute of Justice, October 2013. https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/european-american-prison-report-v3.pdf
Lawrence, Alison. “Making Sense of Sentencing: State Systems and Policies.” National Conference of State Legislatures. June 2015. https://www.ncsl.org/documents/cj/sentencing.pdf