Almost every country limits the tenure of judges, imposing either a mandatory retirement age or a term of years.
Most countries have different tenure provisions for each level of court.
A notable exception is the United States federal judiciary: the constitution accords Article III federal…
Nations follow different legal traditions and have adopted theories of jurisprudence and approaches to adjudication that best suit their culture and needs. Many countries also have specialized justice mechanisms to address discrete needs, for example military justice and transitional justice…
All nations have an executive branch entity responsible for the administration of justice.
JurisdictionThe jurisdiction of a justice ministry may be expansive, often encompassing prosecutorial authority and extending to the judiciary, law enforcement, corrections, and…
Countries use a variety of terms to describe components of a judicial system, the litigation process, and what judges do. Vocabulary matters a great deal in the transnational context.
Restorative justice offers an alternative to the traditional criminal justice paradigm: rather than focusing on punishment and retribution, it elevates the victim’s needs. There is no single model of restorative justice.
What Does Restorative Justice Look Like?The…
The right to counsel in criminal cases is fundamental to a fair trial. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the first instrument of international law to set forth this right; it was later affirmed in multiple international conventions and national constitutions. In 2012, the United Nations…